The Word in the Wilderness

Learn more about author Alexander Lawrence Ames’s research, and listen to Cloister Talk: The Pennsylvania German Material Texts Podcast here.

Once a vibrant part of religious life for many Pennsylvania Germans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Fraktur manuscripts today are primarily studied for their decorative qualities. The Word in the Wilderness takes a different view, probing these documents for what they tell us about the lived religious experiences of the Protestant communities that made and used them and opening avenues for reinterpretation of this well-known, if little understood, set of cultural artifacts.

The resplendent illuminated religious manuscripts commonly known as Fraktur have captivated collectors and scholars for generations. Yet fundamental questions about their cultural origins, purpose, and historical significance remain. Alexander Lawrence Ames addresses these by placing Fraktur manuscripts within a “Pietist paradigm,” grounded in an understanding of how their makers viewed “the Word,” or scripture. His analysis combines a sweeping overview of Protestant Christian religious movements in Europe and early America with close analysis of key Pennsylvania devotional manuscripts, revealing novel insights into the religious utility of calligraphy, manuscript illumination, and devotional reading as Protestant spiritual enterprises. Situating the manuscripts in the context of transatlantic religious history, early American spirituality, material culture studies, and the history of book and manuscript production, Ames challenges long-held approaches to Pennsylvania German studies and urges scholars to engage with these texts and with their makers and users on their own terms.

Featuring dozens of illustrations, this lively, engaging book will appeal to Fraktur scholars and enthusiasts, historians of early America, and anyone interested in the material culture and spiritual practices of the German-speaking residents of Pennsylvania.

“Ames breaks new ground in the study of Pennsylvania German manuscript art by synthesizing the significance of the religious context with the artistic achievements of creating the pieces. This is also the first book to integrate research based on several collections of Pennsylvania German Fraktur across many regions. The Word in the Wilderness is a remarkable achievement reflecting years of study and an amazing breadth of research.”—Jeff Bach, author of Voices of the Turtledoves: The Sacred World of Ephrata

“[Ames] presents a novel approach to manuscript studies and provides a thoughtful analysis. With his discussion of the manuscripts’ cultural origins, spiritual purpose, and historical significance, he initiates a debate on early American spirituality that invites more comparative research on literacy instruction and penmanship of religious communities in New England and Pennsylvania. His study of Pennsylvania German calligraphic art should be particularly welcomed by historians and researchers of early American religious history who are interested in new and creative ways of engaging with historical devotional texts.”—Berit Jany, Yearbook of German-American Studies

“Ames’s winsome book gives us a window into understanding why the manuscript objects of these sectarian Protestants require multidimensional analysis. He proves that we need to know something about the theology of reading and writing in Pietistic Protestantisms to understand where fraktur came from and what these early Germanic immigrants were trying to achieve with the practice. And here is the challenge that Ames’s expansive methodology poses to our field: you do need to understand the contours of the Reformation efforts of sixteenth-century Europe, medieval spirituality (including premodern theories of illuminated books), the deep connection between literacy and mysticism, and the sectarianism of the diverse Central European immigrants to Pennsylvania.”—Christopher M. B. Allison, Panorama

“A strong contribution to our understanding of Pennsylvania Germans’ lived religion.”—Karen Auman, Early American Literature

“A happy and inestimable gift.”—Richard Mammana, Medium.com

Alexander Lawrence Ames is Collections Engagement Manager at The Rosenbach, a historic house museum and special collections library affiliated with the Free Library of Philadelphia.

List of Illustrations

Preface: “The Quill Is My Plow”

Acknowledgments

Note on Sources, Methods, and Abbreviations

Introduction: “Pages of a Mystical Character”; German Manuscripts in American History

1. “Heaven Is My Fatherland”: Manuscript Culture in an Age of Evangelical Piety

2. “The Spirit of the Letter”: Calligraphy and Spirituality During the Long Era of Manuscripts

3. “Worship Always the Scripture”: Teaching Literacy and Pious Wisdom in German Pennsylvania

4. “Incense Hill”: Song, Image, and Ambient Manuscripts

5. Marching to “Step and Time”: Text, Commemoration, and the Rituals of Everyday Life

Conclusion: “Errand into the Wilderness”; Making Meaning from Manuscripts

Notes

Bibliography

Index

Download a PDF sample chapter here: Introduction

Art History & Architecture

           American

           Early Modern

History

           Early Modern

           Pennsylvania & Mid-Atlantic

Pennsylvania & the Mid-Atlantic

           History

Religious Studies & Religion

           Religion and Ritual